Per Capita Consumption of All Cheese in the United States Per Year from 1970 to 2008

Below you will see a study that I did for my AP Statistics class that is directly correlated to this study of cheese. While we have explored the science and art of cheese in depth, now we will look at an economic outlook of fromage.

In the table below you will find the set of data being analyzed in this study.

Per  Capita Consumption of All Cheese - US
Year	Value
1970	11.3678
1971	12.0292
1972	13.0017
1973	13.4869
1974	14.407
1975	14.2703
1976	15.5113
1977	15.9917
1978	16.834
1979	17.1602
1980	17.5298
1981	18.1766
1982	19.902
1983	20.567
1984	21.4768
1985	22.5441
1986	23.1165
1987	24.0976
1988	23.7123
1989	23.793
1990	24.611
1991	24.9356
1992	25.855
1993	26.0283
1994	26.5491
1995	26.9136
1996	27.3115
1997	27.5218
1998	27.7493
1999	28.9516
2000	29.8011
2001	30.0414
2002	30.515
2003	30.5571
2004	31.2812
2005	31.7599
2006	32.6984
2007	33.1873
2008	32.4838

This report is a statistical analysis of the Per Capita Consumption of All Cheese in the United States each year from 1970 to 2008. The amount of consumption per person of cheese is measured in pounds. The explanatory variable (x) of time (year) is graphed versus the response variable (y) of pounds of consumption on the scatter plot below.

As made apparent by the graph, since 1970, the amount of consumption of cheese per capita has continued to rise in a positive direction with a minimum consumption of 11.3678 pounds in 1970 and a maximum of 33.1873 pounds in 2007. The scatter has a positive direction and slope, with a fairly linear shape. The plot is also very strong with an r value of .9926672127 which represents an almost perfectly linear graph (a perfect one being where r=1.)

From the data and this graph we can record the Five Number Summary of the data which is:

            Min=11.3678

            Q1=17.1602

            Median=24.0976

            Q3=28.9516

            Max=33.1873

From the five number summary, we can conclude that the IQR of the data for Pounds of Consumption= 11.7914. The data also has a range of 21.8195. There are no clear outliers in the data, so using the range would be fine for this example. The mean and median are very close in the data as well showing that the range would be fine to use. The mean= 23.2750718. Also, the standard deviation from the mean of around 23.28 is 6.559931092.

Below is a picture of the LSRL (Least Squares Regression Line) of the data. 

From this line as well as the Residual Plot (see below), it is evident that the straight-line LSRL model is the best fitting model for this group of data.

The Residual Plot pictured above has no clear pattern, further proving that the LSRL model is the best fitting one for the data.

In order to predict future values of Per Capita Consumption of All Cheese per year as well as to interpret the actual value of a point versus its predicted value by the LSRL, you can use the equation:

Y[hat] (pounds)= a+b (year)

            Where…

                        a=11.85256896

                        b=.5711251417

Also, according to the value of r² in accordance with this data, the LSRL properly accounts for 98.54% of the data. 

Overall, the data represented for the Per Capita Consumption of All Types of Cheese in the United States each year from 1970 to 2008, is a fairly linear set of data that seems like it will continue in a positive direction for upcoming years. However, as with any form of extrapolation, it is dangerous to predict too far in advanced because we do not know when this data will plateau or go down due to a lurking variable that we may not recognize at this time. 

The Top Cheese Shops in NYC: The Ultimate Cheese Experience

Are you a native New Yorker or just passing through town and looking for the best place to try some of the world’s finest cheeses? Look no further than the following list of premier cheese shops in New York. From the fragrant counters to the friendly staff, these are 5 cheese shops you won’t want to miss. Check out more info on each shop from the links below.

1. Murray’s 
2. Saxelby Cheesemongers 
3. Di Palo's Fine Foods 
4. Artisanal Fromagerie and Bistro 
5. Ideal Cheese Shop Ltd. 

Make Your Own Ricotta

As part of my exploration of the science and art of cheese, I thought what better way to really understand cheese than by making it myself! View the slide show below to see documentation of my Ricotta-making experience! It was super easy and fun and is definitely something you should try at home! Recipe came from here.
                                                  

Is it a Craving or an Addiction?

Ever felt the need to fulfill your craving for cheese? Is it a craving or is it really an addiction? Yes, that’s right…it is scientifically proven that one can be addicted to cheese. Apparently cow milk contains traces of morphine. The morphine in their milk helps create a calming effect on their young when they are nursing that helps to strengthen the relationship between the parent and child animal. Not only that, but the protein casein that is a key aspect of all cheeses breaks down into casomorphins when you eat cheese and creates the opiate effect that this so peptide can have. This was first discovered in 1981 by Eli Hazum and his colleagues who performed many tests to discover that there was morphine in cow’s milk. Because of these addictive qualities, when you take one bite of cheese your brain is immediately triggered and releases endorphins that people associate with things that make them happy. Cheese is also much more dense than the milk which it is made from and because of this even more casomorphins enter the body and make people enjoy cheese way more than any other dairy product. Clearly American love cheese (the average American consumes 33 pounds of cheese a year!) So if you feel the cheese addiction you can indulge (like I do) or deprive yourself of by the far the best food.

The Art of Affinage:

Ever wonder what it means when a Manchego wrapper says “6 months aged” or maybe even 12 months? What does it mean for a cheese to be aged and how could this effect its overall quality and flavor? In the cheese world the aging process is known as “Affinage.” According to the “Cheese Connoseiur Glossary,” Affinage is “the craft of maturing and aging cheeses.” When a cheese ages that doesn’t just mean a wheel is set on a shelf for a few months and then plucked off when it is time to be sent to cheese counters around the country and the world. People known as “affineurs” are in charge of overseeing and testing the development of the cheeses. It is their responsibility to taste cheeses as they ripen and evolve throughout the aging process. They make sure that the cheeses are held in climate controlled rooms and might even tend to the cheese by soaking the outer rinds and changing the taste of the cheese. As much as the affineur can look over the cheeses, once a cheese goes bad…its bad—there is no going back.

According to the NY Times, “Affinage is the careful practice of ripening cheese, but it’s about much more than simply letting a few stinky wheels sit until some magical buzzer goes off. For those who believe the affinage gospel, it is about a series of tedious, ritualized procedures (washing, flipping, brushing, patting, spritzing) that are meant to inch each wheel and wedge toward an apex of delectability.”

However, many believe that the ways of affinage are just ways to inflate the prices of cheese and that all the washes and attention to small details dont really do anything. Many believe that it is just a market scheme and by saying that the product has aged longer, it is therefore more precious; just like an old painting might be of more value than a new one. However, some say that the affinage process determines the texture and flavor of the cheese and that the caves in which the cheese sits in are extrememly influential on the cheese. 

Whether you are a supporter of affinage or not, the ageing process is something that is key in the cheese making world. According to goodfoodrev.com, “There are three key components to proper ageing – a proper facility, real understanding of the cheese making and ageing processes, and A LOT of discipline.”-

The term affinage is a French term that is adapted from the Latin “ad finis” which means “towards the limit.” The Affiner helps a cheese develop to the edge of its ageing ability. However according to cheesesociety.org, “Aging and maturing is not a precise science: the animal, the flora, the quality of the milk, the terroir, the season have an influence on the cheeses; the skill of the affineur is to be able to adapt his techniques and methods to the cheeses. This knowledge comes with time and experience.”

There are many important parts to affinage. From the locations that the cheeses are stored and aged in (cheese caves etc.-temperature controlled rooms) to the treatments done on the cheeses over time, affinage is a complicated procedure. Cheesesociety.org sums up many of key aspects to the affinage process which are listed below:

I. What is cheese affinage?

A. Relationship of affinage to cheese flavor and texture development

Lipolysis

        Breakdown of fats

        Enzymatic action

Proteolysis

         Breakdown of proteins

         Culture action

Desiccation

Treatments

          Washing

          Brushing/patting

          Submersion in solution (brine, alcohol, etc.)

          Turning

          Humidity

          Temperature

B. Historical roots of cheese affinage, European traditions, and American adaptations

C. Who are Affineurs (cheese agers)?

         Producers

         Affineurs (examples: Cellars at Jasper Hill, Neal’s Yard Dairy, Mons…)

                        Defining a cheese selection

                        Relationship with producers

          Retailers (examples: Murray’s, Formaggio Kitchen…)

Every type of cheese has different factors that are necessary to watch and attend to during the aging process but these factors are the most generic things that affect cheese affinage…

II. General factors affecting cheese affinage

A. Time

B. Temperature

C. Humidity

D. Molds

E. Micro conditions in aging rooms

F. Cheese microflora (raw milk, heat treated, pasteurized, cultures, adjuncts)

G. Cheese manufacturing methods

H. Packaging materials (or lack thereof)

I. Shelving materials and conditions

III. Affinage Systems

A. Natural caves

B. Manmade caves (earthen mounds)

C. Fabricated affinage systems

D. Cheese coolers

IX. Maintaining food safety during cheese affinage

A. Pathogens of concern

B. Spoilage organisms of concern

C. GMPs (Good Manufacturing Practices) and HAACP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points)

D. Sanitation requirements

 

X. Maintaining cheese quality from packaging through distribution to retail sale

A. Cutting, wrapping and packaging issues

B. Selection of the correct packaging materials by cheese variety

C. Sensitivity of different cheese varieties to abuse during distribution and retail sales

D. Shelf life concerns with different cheese varieties

E. Labeling issues-varies by country

F.  Marketing strategies

Affinage is not a simple process in any form. It takes patience, practice, and the ability to recognize what a specific cheese needs. 

The Chemistry of Cheese: Part 2

The basis of cheese making involves a series of chemical reactions and processes that produce different types of cheese based off of the manipulation of the different elements involved. At its core, cheese is essentially made by removing the water and some minerals from milk in order to create milk curds, which is coagulated protein and fat. The water mixture that is taken away is known as whey. The way in which the curds are handled and treated affects the overall outcome of the cheese and is why there are thousands of types of cheese.

From the amount of rennet added, the way in which the rennet is added, the bacterial cultures used, and even the amount of salt used; there are many aspects of cheese making that set different types apart. The temperature that the cheese is aged in and the treating process of each cheese also effects the overall outcome of the cheese including its acidity, fat, moisture, protein, and level of calcium.

There are seven identified cheese families as outlined by Professor Arthur Hill from the University of Guelph. In the following descriptions, which come directly from his article, “Introduction to Cheese Making,” he explains the basic differences in production that set each cheese family apart.

Family 1: Acid-Coagulated Fresh Cheese. This family includes cottage cheese, quark and cream cheese and is coagulated by lactic acid produced by bacteria, with almost no contribution from rennet.

Family 2: Rennet-Coagulated Fresh Cheese. This family, including Italian fresh cheese and halloumi, is coagulated entirely by rennet and the natural pH of the milk.

Family 3: Heat-Acid Precipitated Cheese. In this family, coagulation occurs by heating the milk above 75°C which denatures the whey proteins and then acidifying by the addition of lactic or citric acid. This means that both casein and whey proteins are coagulated, creating a moist but firm cheese, such as ricotta or paneer cheese.

Family 4: Soft Ripened Cheese. This family includes Brie, Camembert, feta and blue cheese. A large amount of lactic acid bacteria is added and ripened before the addition of rennet, increasing the quantity of acid produced. Additionally the setting time is increased.

Family 5: Semi-Hard Washed Cheese - a large and diverse family including Gouda, Edam, Montasio and Oka. This cheese has the whey removed and replaced by water in order to remove lactose from the curd, which limits the amount of lactose, and hence the acidity of the cheese.

Family 6: Low Temperature Hard Cheese. These cheeses, which include cheddar and Manchego cheeses, are characterized by lower moisture and the control of lactose content by fermentation.

Family 7: High Temperature Hard Cheese. By reducing moisture content by high renneting and cooking temperature, romano, Parmesan and Swiss Cheese are produced.

As you can see, just like people, cheese comes in all different shapes and sizes. There is a cheese out there for everyone (well unless your lactose intolerant.) It is the minor differences in the process of creating cheese that can create such immense differences in the final product on your plate.

Michael Tunick, a research chemist of Dairy and Functional Foods for the USDA, summarizes the chemical makeup of cheese from start to finish in such a scientific way that, well…it is better I just quote what he wrote because I can not say it better myself…

“The milk coagulates into a curd when starter culture bacteria digest lactose and rennet enzyme destabilizes casein micelles. Cooking and piling the curd forces out whey and fuses the micelles into a matrix, addition of salt helps control microbial growth, and aging leads to protein and fat breakdown by enzymes added to the milk and produced by microorganisms, generating characteristic textures and flavors. Changes in physical chemistry of cheese may be monitored by electron microscopy and rheology, and chromatographic techniques allow flavor compounds to be identified. Differences in cheesemaking procedures lead to a wide range of varieties, which chemists study in order to provide products that are more acceptable to consumers”

The chemistry of cheese is not only important in terms of its physical makeup, but in the way it is monitored and observed as well which is clear through Tunick’s research. Just as I mentioned last week, so often we go about eating cheese or any food for that matter without thinking about how it was actually made. Tunick’s goes on to comment on this phenomenon in our culture.

“Americans consume 14 kg of cheese per capita without realizing the extent to which chemistry is responsible for the production of this food. Enzymes from starter culture microorganisms and the coagulant degrade protein (primarily casein), carbohydrates (mostly lactose), and lipids, generating the flavors and texture of cheese. Electrophoresis, electron microscopy, and rheology show that proteolysis, structural development, and functional properties depend on a number of factors, including species of animal producing the milk, processing conditions, and storage temperature and time. Goats" milk, for example, contains significantly less as1-casein, the primary structural protein in cows" milk cheese, resulting in a soft, easily fractured product. The types of starter and coagulant are responsible for development of different flavors, and the treatment of the cheese curd leads to variations in texture and melting properties. The characteristics of cheese depend on the chemistry involved in the way it is made and stored, and knowledge of this chemistry leads to the creation of a better product.”

The way in which a cheese is made is not the only process that has a direct correlation to chemistry, but the individualized taste of each cheese is affected by this science as well. Just like the appearance and the creation of a cheese are influenced by many different factors, the flavor of a cheese has many different components as well, as Tunick explains. This includes, “milk quality stemming from the diet of the animals, processing parameters such as pasteurization and addition of salt, and enzymatic and chemical reactions that occur as the cheese ages.” Ever wonder why cheese well, tastes like cheese? Tunick writes, “Lactose and citrate are metabolized by lactic acid bacteria to form a number of important compounds, including acetoin, 2,3-butanediol, and diacetyl, which generate buttery, cheesy flavors.” Or maybe even why the cow’s milk cheese you are eating has an almost grassy taste? Well Tunick continues to explain that “proteolysis of casein by coagulant, plasmin, and other enzymes leads to the production of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, amines, and amino acids, which bring about alcoholic, fatty, and green flavor notes.” However, not all cheeses are lucky enough to have a more understated smell and taste. Many people complain about “stinky” cheese, which apparently with “the breakdown of aromatic, branched-chain, and sulfur-containing amino acids also produces flavor compounds, many of which are undesirable. Triacylglycerols are lipolyzed into fatty acids, which impart pungent, cheesy flavors.” Every cheese has its own unique taste. Whether it is earthier or more intense, you will never find two cheeses that are exactly equal. This is due to the Fatty acids, which can be converted “into methyl ketones, secondary alcohols, lactones, esters, and other compounds, which are responsible for earthy, floral, fruity, and rancid flavors. An array of compounds contributes to the unique flavor characteristics of each cheese variety.”

The picture below shows the arrangement of molecules in cheese that lead to its pungent and intense smell.

From milk, to curd, to product, to the taste in your mouth, every part of the cheese process has its own unique, cheesy chemistry.

For even more information about the specific chemistry of different cheeses visit this site.